Extensive improvements have been made in this fifth edition book in May 2021. Anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens) had already arrived in India 75,000 year ago, and they have lived in India ever since. Evolution of humans in general, and evolution of anatomically modern humans in particular have been discussed in detail.India has emerged as the oldest continuous civilization on earth. There is no noticeable break in the series of cultural developments from 8,000 Before Common Era (BCE) to modern India. The Vedas are the most sacred scriptures of the people of India. Rigveda is the most ancient of all compositions of the revelations. It was fashioned along with the ancient Sanskrit which was purely an oral literature in the past. The Theory of Aryan Invasion of India is erroneous, and there is no evidence whatsoever of such an invasion. Ancient people of India are the Āryas, and these Vedic Āryas were indigenous to India.