After decades of stability from the 1920s to the early 1970s, the rate of imprisonment in the United States more than quadrupled during the last four decades. The U.S. penal population of 2.2 million adults is by far the largest in the world. Just under one-quarter of the world's prisoners are held in American prisons. The U.S. rate of incarceration, with nearly 1 out of every 100 adults in prison or jail, is 5 to 10 times higher than the rates in Western Europe and other democracies. The U.S. prison population is largely drawn from the most disadvantaged part of the nation's population: mostly men under age 40, disproportionately minority, and poorly educated. Prisoners often carry additional deficits of drug and alcohol addictions, mental and physical illnesses, and lack of work preparation or experience. The growth of incarceration in the United States during four decades has prompted numerous critiques and a growing body of scientific knowledge about what prompted the rise and what its consequences have been for the people imprisoned, their families and communities, and for U.S. society. The Growth of Incarceration in the United States examines research and analysis of the dramatic rise of incarceration rates and its affects. This study makes the case that the United States has gone far past the point where the numbers of people in prison can be justified by social benefits and has reached a level where these high rates of incarceration themselves constitute a source of injustice and social harm. The Growth of Incarceration in the United States recommends changes in sentencing policy, prison policy, and social policy to reduce the nation's reliance on incarceration. The report also identifies important research questions that must be answered to provide a firmer basis for policy. The study assesses the evidence and its implications for public policy to inform an extensive and thoughtful public debate about and reconsideration of policies. Table of Contents Front Matter Summary 1 Introduction 2 Rising Incarceration Rates 3 Policies and Practices Contributing to High Rates of Incarceration 4 The Underlying Causes of Rising Incarceration: Crime, Politics, and Social Change 5 The Crime Prevention Effects of Incarceration 6 The Experience of Imprisonment 7 Consequences for Health and Mental Health 8 Consequences for Employment and Earnings 9 Consequences for Families and Children 10 Consequences for Communities 11 Wider Consequences for U.S. Society 12 The Prison in Society: Values and Principles 13 Findings, Conclusions, and Implications References Appendix A: Supplementary Statement by Ricardo H. Hinojosa Appendix B: Data Sources Appendix C: Incarceration in the United States:A Research Agenda Appendix D: Biographical Sketches of Committee Members