This is the first comprehensive studyof Gerhard Scharnhorst in any language. Other than the author's The Enlightened Soldier: Scharnhorst and the Militarische Gesellschaft in Berlin, 1801-1805 (1989), there exists no other work on Scharnhorst in English. Of the major German works, Das Leben des Generals von Scharnhorst (1869/71), written by Hanoverian historian Georg Heinrich Klippel,was a popular biography with no critical analysis. In keeping with the political correctness of his time, Klippel failed to include a single document from Scharnhorst's voluminous papers that was disparaging toward the social, political, and military cultures in Hanover. Seventeen years later, Prussian historian Max Lehmann published his study of Scharnhorst (1886/87), which corrected many of the flaws in Klippel's work, but failed to provide any critical analysis of Scharnhorst's modernisation, especially as it applied to Prussia. Like Klippel, Lehmann complied with the political correctness of his time in Prussia and Germany. Rudolf Stadelmann, Scharnhorst: Schicksal und Geistige Welt (1952), is an incomplete fragment that offers some interesting insights. Scharnhorst: The Formative Years uses the previous German studies as a starting point to present many unpublished discoveries about his youth, his education and training, his extensive service in Hanover, and the modernisation program Scharnhorst sought to implement in Hanover, and later realised in part in Prussia. AUTHOR: Dr. Charles E. White was a historian with the United States Army for 33 years. After leaving active military duty and earning his doctorate in history from Duke University, he served as the Chief of Military History at the United States Army Infantry School, Fort Benning, Georgia; then as the Command Historian for the 21st Theater Army Area Command in Germany. Following those assignments, Dr. White served as the Army's Lewis and Clark Historian during the national bicentennial commemoration of that expedition. Before retiring, he was the Command Historian for the United States Army Forces Command, Fort Bragg, North Carolina. He is the author of The Enlightened Soldier: Scharnhorst and the Militarische Gesellschaft in Berlin, 1801-1806 (1989), The US Army and the Lewis and Clark Expedition (2002), as well as articles and papers on American and German military history. 7 b/w images, 12 maps