This book tells the story of the forcibly displaced during the Spanish Civil War who had to leave their homes and move to other areas of Spain or, directly, abroad, due to fear of aerial bombardment, the repressive actions of the fascist rebels, and the potential for famine during the conflict. A key question is to determine when the exile of the republicans truly began and what relationship existsor could have existedbetween the memory of the displacement by war and the identity of the republican refugees, a term colloquially used among the Spanish Republican Exile community in Mexico for over eight decades. Despite the magnitude of forced displacement unleashed by the Spanish Civil War, there has not been a significant research interest in studying refugee experiences during the war. This historiographic void is addressed through identifying the governmental mechanisms, and political and legal principles, under which the Second Spanish Republic faced the problem of massive population displacement. The civilian population, subject to total war, was a target for nationalist attack on all fronts. A vulnerable population seeking refuge was a massive problem for the Republican authorities. And herein is the key to broadening understanding of the refugee category, not only in Spain but in France, Portugal and Mexico, and elsewhere. The experience of exile comprises not only the final destination, but the displacement circumstances that led there and how those uprooted from their home identified themselves at different stages of their refugee journey. Published in collaboration with the Department of International History, London School of Economics