This survey of the pastoral needs of primary age pupils, and pupils in early adolescence, considers the future needs of children, learning processes, the planning and implementation of a pastoral programme, and the co-ordination of personal and social education. It develops six specific pastoral approaches: welfare and liaison, health and medical services, life crises and counselling, managing behaviour, bullying, and starting secondary school. The "Viewpoints" section has three personal statements: television viewing, core values for teachers and parents, and the professionalism of teachers. The material contained here can be used by both the trainee-teacher and practising primary teacher. It should also be of interest to all professionals working in this area.