When are people willing to sacrifice for the common good? What are the benefits of friendship? How do communities deal with betrayal? And what are the costs and benefits of being in a diverse community? Using the life histories of more than forty thousand Civil War soldiers, Dora Costa and Matthew Kahn answer these questions and uncover the vivid stories, social influences, and crucial networks that influenced soldiers' lives both during and after the war. Drawing information from government documents, soldiers' journals, and one of the most extensive research projects about Union Army soldiers ever undertaken, "Heroes and Cowards" demonstrates the role that social capital plays in people's decisions.The makeup of various companies - whether soldiers were of the same ethnicity, age, and occupation - influenced whether soldiers remained loyal or whether they deserted. Costa and Kahn discuss how the soldiers benefited from friendships, what social factors allowed some to survive the POW camps while others died, and how punishments meted out for breaking codes of conduct affected men after the war. The book also examines the experience of African-American soldiers and makes important observations about how their comrades shaped their lives. "Heroes and Cowards" highlights the inherent tensions between the costs and benefits of community diversity, shedding light on how groups and societies behave and providing valuable lessons for the present day.

Table of Contents

List of Plates xv Preface xvii Acknowledgments xxiii Chapter 1: Loyalty and Sacrifice 1 Chapter 2: Why the U.S. Civil War? 26 Chapter 3: Building the Armies 46 Chapter 4: Heroes and Cowards 80 Chapter 5: POW Camp Survivors 120 Chapter 6: The Homecoming of Heroes and Cowards 160 Chapter 7: Slaves Become Freemen 187 Chapter 8: Learning from the Past 215 Appendix: Records and Collection Methods 227 Notes 243 Bibliography 273 Index 291

Author Biography

Dora L. Costa is the author of "The Evolution of Retirement: An American Economic History, 1880-1990". She teaches at the University of California, Los Angeles. Matthew E. Kahn is the author of "Green Cities: Urban Growth and the Environment". He also teaches at UCLA. Costa and Kahn are research associates at the National Bureau of Economic Research.