Ethnologue(R) is the comprehensive reference work that catalogs all the known living languages in the world today. It has been an active research project for more than 60 years. Thousands of linguists and other researchers all over the world rely on and have contributed to the Ethnologue(R). It is widely regarded to be the most comprehensive listing of information of its kind. Ethnologue(R) is published in three volumes. Each volume is self-contained and can be used independently. This volume catalogs the languages of Africa and Europe. It includes: 2,538 language descriptions organized by continent and country 22,069 primary names, alternate names, and dialect names 108 country overviews with graphical language vitality profiles 102 color maps showing location and distribution of languages