Chris Freeman is Emeritus Professor at SPRU, University of Sussex. After studying at the London School of Economics, he later took up the position of Research Fellow at the National Institute of Economic and Social Research, London (1959-66) before becoming Director of the Science Policy Research Unit at the University of Susex (1966-81). His most recent position was Visiting Professor at the University of Limburg in Maastricht (1986-96). He is the author of numerous books including 'The Economics of Industrial Innovation' (with L. Soete, Pinter, 1997); 'Work for All or Mass Unemployment: Computerised Technical Change into the 21st Century' (with L. Soete, Pinter, 1994); and 'Technology and Economic Performance: Lessons from Japan' (Pinter, 1987). Francisco Louçã is Professor of Economics in the Faculty of Economics and Management at the ISEG, Lisbon. He obtained his Ph.D. in Economics at the University of Lisbon under the supervision of Chris Freeman, subsequently publishing his thesis in both English and Portuguese ('Turbulence in Economics', Edward Elgar 1997). In 1999 he was elected Member of Parliament in Portugal, and serves in the Economic and Budgetary Commission.