Caroline Gipps is Deputy Vice-Chancellor at Kingston University. She has written Beyond Testing Towards a Theory of Educational Assessment published by Falmer Press. Bet McCallum is an educational researcher at the Institute of Education. She has been involved in research with Caroline Gipps on the introduction of National Assessment, teachers assessment practice and the assessment, teaching and feedback strategies of primary teachers. Eleanore Hargreaves is a lecturer in evaluation and assessment and a research officer at the Institute of Education, London