Excerpt from The Presbyterian and Reformed Review: April, 1897 As a result of this revival, in the twelfth and thirteenth cen turies the universities of mediaeval Europe appeared. They appear so suddenly and at so many points that it is difficult, in the rapidity of the movement, to note the several steps of their historical development. They appeared, to mention only a few of them, at Salerno and Bologna in Italy, at Paris, at Cologne, and later at Oxford and Cambridge. They were substantially guilds of students, gathered to listen to the discourses of great lecturers on subjects either within the limits of the trivium and quadrivium or without those limits on subjects for which the study of the trivium and qua/lrivz'um had prepared them; or they were guilds of lecturers who attracted students. On the teachers who constituted the faculty of each of these universities was bestowed by the pope or the monarch the privilege of teach ing, and this developed into the right to grant licenses, to teach. The license soon became the master's degree (magister Studen tium), which is historically the first of the degrees in the liberal arts.* At these universities, owing to the necessities of the students. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.