Jay Rubenstein (Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley) is professor of history at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. He specializes in the intellectual, cultural, and spiritual worlds of Europe in the Middle Ages, with areas of focus in the eleventh and twelfth centuries in England, France, and the Crusader settlements. The author of Armies of Heaven: The First Crusade and the Quest for Apocalypse and Guibert of Nogent: Portrait of a Medieval Mind, he has also written, edited, or translated numerous books and articles in the areas of intellectual, cultural, religious, and military history. His recent work examines the extensive impact of the First Crusade on the European world.