Some comments on the first publication in 2003: There is a sea change afoot in contemporary psychoanalysis and this brilliant volume is a manifesto of it. When brain science and clinical psychoanalysis are put on exactly equal conceptual footing fascinating possibilities emerge with an intoxicating clarity. Fred Levin's remarkable volume makes evident how psychoanalysis is thinking its way into the future. Psychoanalysis has collected a virtual Tower of Babel of facts. Levin artfully rearranges this vast material, offering a glimpse into a theoretical integration only dreamed of a few years ago. Arnold Wilson, Ph.D., Professor of Psychology, Seton Hall University, New Jersey; Faculty, Columbia Center for Psychoanalytic Training and Research, New York. This book provides a coherent, entirely readable account of an exciting new area of research regarding brain science and psychoanalysis. Comprehensive and groundbreaking, accessible to clinicain and scientists alike, Fred Levin's volume will become essential reading for anyone seriously concerned with the foundations of psychoanalysis. His study of neurobiology and human behavior places both on equal footing while respecting the fundamental dignity of the patient in the clinical situation. Bertram J. Cohler, Ph.D., William Rainey Harper Professor of Human Development, the University of Chicago.