Excerpt from Course of Study for the Public Schools of Newark, N. J: Adopted by the Board of Education, July 30, 1897 Mathematics should introduce the child to an accurate knowledge of the physical world. It should always deal with real things rather than with the signs of things. This is particularly important in the primary grades. The two most common errors in the teaching of arithmetic are, first, the limiting of its application too closely to commercial transactions, thus belittling the science; and second, deal ing with figures, characters and signs rather than with real quantities. In the primary grades all work should be concrete. The computation should be based upon dealings with actual things, measured or counted. Children naturally recognize the various relations expressed by addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and partition upon such numbers as they can readily handle and comprehend. Going through the processes of addition or subtraction upon very large numbers is for young children meaningless. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.