The 16th century in Europe is characterized historically by the religious upheaval known as the Reformation, with attention generally focusing on Luther and the other Protestant reformers who broke from the established church. This development however, major as it was, is not the whole story of reform in the 16th century. Underlying and encompassing the Protestant Reformation was a broader search for religious renewal and reform that remained within the Catholic church and is sometimes referred to as the Catholic Reformation. This volume focuses on this relatively neglected aspect of 16th-century religious reform, filling a need in Reformation studies. John C.Olin shows how Catholic reform did not begin in opposition to Protestantism but as a parallel movement, springing out of the same context and responding to very similar needs for religious change and revival. The book open with an introductory essay that views the course of Catholic reform from the initiatives of Cardinal Ximenes, who became Archbiship of Toledo and Primate of Spain in 1495, to the work of the Council of Trent in 1563 - years of crucial importance for the survival and revival of the Catholic faith. Following the essay are several key documents, including the preface to the Complutensian polyglot Bible and decrees of the Council of Trent, that illustrate from contemporary sources the character of the movement of Catholic reform. There is also a brief study of St. Ignatius Loyola.