Excerpt from A Treatise on Reinforced Concrete The primary conventions of the ordinary mathematical notation were established before Caxton introduced the printing press which bears his name. SO long as equations were printed from loose type set up by hand from many different founts it was generally possible to imitate, more or less closely, the forms given in the manuscript original. The setting up, of mathematical equations was, however, always regarded as special and difficult work for the com positor and the general introduction of type-setting machines, such as the Linotype and Monotype, has made these difficulties more generally apparent. Sometimes the ordinary context is set up by machines, and the interposed equations are set up by hand in small separate metal frames or sticks. In some instances the context may be set up by machines in London, and the equations may be set up by hand by a compositor in Cambridge or elsewhere. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.