Excerpt from A Comparative Grammar of the Indo-Germanic Languages, Vol. 2: A Concise Exposition of the History of Sanskrit, Old Iranian (Avestic and Old Persian), Old Armenian, Greek, Latin, Umbro-Samnitic, Old Irish, Gothic, Old High German, Lithuanian and Old Church Slavonic; Morphology (Stem-Formation and Inflexion), Part I Sometimes of course the two coincide, but only in the case of words of which the first was in use in the form in which we quote it before the second came into existence. Enam'or 'comes from' suam's historically as well as logically because it is a special formation in Latin (in place of the indo-germanic stem *snad-t'ios whereas the genitive patm's can only be said to 'come from' the nominative pater in the logical sense, not the historical, since both are descended from proethnic forms. The rule therefore that we have adopted has been to write from in the logical sense only where there can be no possible doubt that that is its meaning; where there would have been any danger that the reader should infer from it a historical, derivative relation that was not implied in the German, we have used beside. Thus in the examples given above we should render 'tult from fero' but 'modestus beside modns' (see p. The line is of course hard to draw, but for safety's sake, we have used beside in all cases of doubt. To do so universally, i. E. To have Written always 'patm's beside pater' instead of 'from pater seemed a little pedantic. On the other hand from has of course its proper derivative significance in such phrases as 'ansa'tus from ansa', where in German van and en are used indifferently. The German aus connecting a form with its immediate phonetic antecedent, e. G. 'lat. Fissus aus 'fid - to-s' we have followed prevailing usage in rendering by for, 'fissus for *fid - to-s'. The reader will find that for is used only in this sense of direct phonetic connexion; to describe an analogical substitution (germ. Far) we have regularly kept to 'instead of'. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.