This book provides a thorough treatment of the legal, economic, and policy issues associated with safeguard measures in the WTO system. It includes a careful treatment of the history of safeguard measures under GATT, and the impetus for the Agreement on Safeguards during the Uruguay Round. It reviews the economic arguments for and against safeguard measures, including the modern political economy account of safeguards and “escape clauses” in international
agreements. Subsequent chapters focus on the key legal issues associated with the use of safeguards, including the procedural requirements, the obligation to demonstrate unforeseen
developments and increased imports, the concept of “serious injury,” the puzzling causation test, and limitations on the scope of safeguard measures including non-discrimination principles. All of the safeguard decisions within the WTO dispute system are thoroughly dissected and analysed. Included as appendices are the relevant treaty text and the pertinent national legislation of the United States and European Union.

Author Biography

Alan Sykes received his law degree from Yale University in 1982, and his Ph.D. in economics from Yale in 1987. He was in private practice in Washington, D.C. at the law firm of Arnold in Porter from 1982-86, specializing in international trade matters, including escape clause cases under U.S. law. He joined the University of Chicago faculty in 1986, and became the Frank and Bernice Greenberg Professor in 1996. His principal research interest is international
trade, on which he has published numerous books and articles. His books include Product Standards for internationally Integrated Goods Markets (Brookings 1995), and Legal Problems of International Economic
Relations (West 2002), co-authored with John H. Jackson and William J. Davey.

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