Jain, Bauddha and Ajivaka belong to Sramanic tradition. Ajivakas were firm believers of determinism (Niyativada). Determinism, in philosophy, implies that all events, including moral choices, are completely determined by previously existing causes. But when we talk about niyati as per Jain perspectives, there is a doctrine of karma. According to karma theory, an individual’s present condition is determined not by any absolute principle but by his own actions performed either in his past lives or in this life. By freely choosing the right course and following it faithfully, he could improve his destiny and ultimately win salvation. But Jainism does not totally reject the doctrine of Niyativada. It talks of five co-factors (panca-samavaya), i.e. kala, svabhava, niyati, purvakrta and purusa. The first cause of the universe is false when each of the five factors is taken singly but true when they are considered jointly. Buddhist text Digha Nikaya talks of two types: (1) Theistic determinism (2) Karmic determinism. However, Buddha does not teach that we have complete freedom or that we are determined, but that our will is conditioned or limited to a greater or lesser extent.

Author Biography

Shrinetra Pandey, PhD (2010) in Philosophy from Banaras Hindu University; currently serves as Joint Director of International School for Jain Studies (ISJS), Pune. He was awarded Junior Research Fellowship from Indian Council of Philosophical Research (ICPR), New Delhi and Ministry of Culture, Government of India. Sanjali Jain, graduated with bachelor’s degree in Biomedical Science from the University of Bradford. Since then, she has worked as an editor in plethora of fields ranging from science journalism in Singapore, to philosophy of religion in India and to international standardization in Switzerland.

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