As philosophers seek to take on board the findings of scientists about the mysteries of the world, the "big questions" of life - purpose, the mind, physical nature - become tied together. In an attempt to reduce the confusion produced by this crossover of ideas, this text is a layperson's guide to modern thought, providing a basis for understanding more advanced works. No assumptions are made about the reader's level of education; concepts are explained and arguments introduced, the reasoning and research are followed before conclusions are made.