At the end of July 1588, Philip II's Armada of 130 ships set sail against England. Within a month they were condemned to defeat. The authors spent 13 years reassessing the profusion of untapped documents, diaries and private papers lying forgotten in Spanish and Dutch archives. This material has been augmented by underwater discoveries from the Armada wrecks. -- .
Author Biography
Colin Martin is Reader in Maritime Archaeology at the University of St. Andrews.
Geoffrey Parker is Professor of History at Ohio State University.
