Excerpt from The Extent of Bias Caused by Substituting Points in Forest Survey: A Simulation Study Figure 4. Example of rotation about regularly numbered points. Population edge effect was important when sample points were substituted with points inside the population because the probabilities of selec tion for trees near the boundary change. However, the original probabilities of selection were used because the calculation of true probabilities of selection required additional measurements and was dependent on the location of point 1. Edge effect between adjacent subpopulations was less important because there can be offsetting estima tion errors. For example, if points are moved out from a pine plantation at one location, it is possible that other points will be moved into a similar pine plantation at another location. Thus, it is difficult to determine situations where edge effect between adjacent population can cause a bias. However, rotation increases the variance of the parameter estimates because between-cluster variance is increased. Some disturbances at the stand boundary that cause population edge effect are: Kudzu (pueraria lobata infestation, wind damage, reduced resource competition, increased light penetration, and differences in snow deposition. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.