Stephen Ansolabehere is Professor of Government at Harvard University. He is the coauthor of The Media Game and Going Negative: How Political Advertising Alienates and Polarizes the American Electorate, which was awarded the Goldsmith Book Prize. His articles have appeared in The American Political Science Review, The Journal of Politics, Legislative Studies Quarterly, and Public Opinion Quarterly. He has been awarded fellowships by the Carnegie Corporation Fellowship and the Hoover Institution. He served as a co-director of the CalTech/MIT Voting Project, established in the wake of the 2000 presidential election to evaluate the current state of the reliability and uniformity of U.S. voting systems and propose uniform guidelines and requirements for reliable voting and performance. Ansolabehere’s research focuses on public opinion, elections, mass media, and representation. James M. Snyder Jr. is the Arthur and Ruth Sloan Professor of Political Science and Economics at MIT. He has published nearly 70 articles in peer-reviewed journals and edited volumes.