During the last three decades, breakthroughs in computer technology have made an impact on optimization. In particular, parallel computing has made it possible to solve larger and computationally more difficult problems. The book covers recent developments in novel programming and algorithmic aspects of parallel computing as well as technical advances in parallel optimization. Each contribution is essentially expository in nature, but of scholarly treatment. In addition, each chapter includes a collection of problems. The first two chapters discuss theoretical models for parallel algorithm design and their complexity. The next chapter gives the perspective of the programmer practicing parallel algorithm development on real world platforms. Solving systems of linear equations efficiently is of importance not only because they arise in many scientific and engineering applications but also because algorithms for solving many optimization problems need to call system solvers and subroutines (chapters four and five). Chapters six to 13 are dedicated to optimization problems and methods. They include parallel algorithms for network problems, parallel branch and bound techniques, parallel heuristics for discrete and continuous problems, decomposition methods, parallel algorithms for variational inequality problems, parallel algorithms for stochastic programming, and neural networks.