OECD countries face a challenge in responding to the growing demand for doctors and nurses over the next 20 years. This arises in a world which is already characterised by significant international migration of health workers, both across OECD countries and between some developing countries and the OECD area. What combination of human-resource management policies and migration policies have OECD countries adopted? How do migration and other health-workforce policies interact with each other? How can destination countries build a sustainable health workforce? What are the consequences of emigration of doctors and nurses for origin countries? This book provides new evidence on each of these questions and identifies possible ways forward. It is the main outcome of a joint OECD-WHO project on the management of health-related human resources and international migration. www.oecd.org/health/workforce