In the substance abuse and addiction treatment realm, males outnumber females two to one. While gender-issues are seen as a key element of women's treatment, the acknowledgement that males are "gendered beings" who have lived lives full of male-specific developmental challenges is often overlooked. This text takes a developmental lifespan approach to examine the neurobiological and psychosocial factors associated with substance use disorders for males, specifically in relation to emotional growth and awareness, and how these areas, in turn, affect the development of healthy relationships. Theoretical concepts from the field of interpersonal neurobiology, the psychology of boys and men, and the substance abuse and addiction literature, will be interwoven with practical clinical examples to help elucidate how the notion of fostering emotional development can strengthen the treatment and recovery processes with boys and men. Relevant case examples are included that illustrate work with males of all ages and that address a variety of factors associated with culture, ethnicity, race, religion, and sexual orientation. Mental health practitioners working with boys and men will gain an increased awareness about substance abuse among males, a better understanding of male development in relation to substance use and abuse, and an increased skill-level to provide more comprehensive, gender-responsive counseling and assessment practices for each developmental level outlined in the text.