Olaf Dammann, M.D. (U Hamburg, ’90), S.M. Epidemiology (Harvard, ’97) is Professor of Public Health and Community Medicine, Pediatrics, and Ophthalmology at Tufts University School of Medicine in Boston, USA. He is also Editor-in-Chief Emeritus of PEDIATRIC RESEARCH, the publication of the International Pediatric Research Foundation. His research interests include the elucidation of risk factors for brain damage and retinopathy in preterm newborns, the theory of risk and causation in biomedical and population health research, and the development of computational chronic disease models. He has received grant support from the National Institutes of Health and the European Union. His bibliography lists more than 200 publications. Dr Benjamin Smart is senior lecturer at The University of Johannesburg, and a founder member of The African Centre for Epistemology and Philosophy of Science. He was awarded a PhD in metaphysics by The University of Nottingham in 2012, before lecturing philosophy at The University of Birmingham (2012-2015). Smart has published widely on causation, laws of nature, and on the philosophy of health and disease.