The state of our understanding of each single step of human reproduction is presented in this volume, which also looks at the ongoing research aiming to improve human reproductive efficiency. Invited chapters focus on the field of endometrial preparation for embryonization, trophoblast capability to implant into maternal endometrial tissue, and evidence-based medicine to improve embryos’ implantation and reduce recurrent abortion. A report on human reproduction efficiencies through assisted reproductive technologies is presented as a review by both Europeans and Americans. Among the major issues explored in this volume is the pelvic factor of sterility, endometriosis, miomas, and their medical and surgical treatments according to the principles of evidence-based medicine and evidence-based surgery. Another important issue that is discussed is the possibility of building an artificial uterus using cellular biology (artificial endometrium), transplantation techniques (human uterus transplantation), and transplantation. Evidence-based strategies to prevent premature parturition concludes this section. Surgical management of reproductive organs using the most up-to-date techniques is also be reported on, and particular attention is given to stem cells in gametes and embryonic stem cells. NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit www.blackwellpublishing.com/nyas. ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to the Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information about becoming a member